(Image caption: An abnormal protein, left, is intercepted by the UW’s compound that can bind to the toxic protein and neutralize it, as shown at right. Image courtesy: University of Washington)

New protein structure could help treat Alzheimer’s, related diseases

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, but the research community is one step closer to finding treatment.

University of Washington bioengineers have designed a peptide structure that can stop the harmful changes of the body’s normal proteins into a state that’s linked to widespread diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and Lou Gehrig’s disease. The synthetic molecule blocks these proteins as they shift from their normal state into an abnormally folded form by targeting a toxic intermediate phase.

The discovery of a protein blocker could lead to ways to diagnose and even treat a large swath of diseases that are hard to pin down and rarely have a cure.

“If you can truly catch and neutralize the toxic version of these proteins, then you hopefully never get any further damage in the body,” said senior author Valerie Daggett, a UW professor of bioengineering. “What’s critical with this and what has never been done before is that a single peptide sequence will work against the toxic versions of a number of different amyloid proteins and peptides, regardless of their amino acid sequence or the normal 3-D structures.”

The findings were published online this month in the journal eLife.

More than 40 illnesses known as amyloid diseases – Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and rheumatoid arthritis are a few – are linked to the buildup of proteins after they have transformed from their normally folded, biologically active forms to abnormally folded, grouped deposits called fibrils or plaques. This happens naturally as we age, to a certain extent – our bodies don’t break down proteins as quickly as they should, causing higher concentrations in some parts of the body.

Each amyloid disease has a unique, abnormally folded protein or peptide structure, but often such diseases are misdiagnosed because symptoms can be similar and pinpointing which protein is present usually isn’t done until after death, in an autopsy.

As a result, many dementias are broadly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease without definitive proof, and other diseases can go undiagnosed and untreated.

The molecular structure of an amyloid protein can be only slightly different from a normal protein and can transform to a toxic state fairly easily, which is why amyloid diseases are so prevalent. The researchers built a protein structure, called “alpha sheet,” that complements the toxic structure of amyloid proteins that they discovered in computer simulations. The alpha sheet effectively attacks the toxic middle state the protein goes through as it transitions from normal to abnormal.

The structures could be tailored even further to bind specifically with the proteins in certain diseases, which could be useful for specific therapies.

The researchers hope their designed compounds could be used as diagnostics for amyloid diseases and as drugs to treat the diseases or at least slow progression.

“For example, patients could have a broad first-pass test done to see if they have an amyloid disease and then drill down further to determine which proteins are present to identify the specific disease,” Daggett said.

Researchers find clue to stopping Alzheimer’s-like diseases

Tiny differences in mice that make them peculiarly resistant to a family of conditions that includes Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease may provide clues for treatments in humans.

Amyloid diseases are often incurable because drug designers cannot identify the events that cause them to start.

Professor Sheena Radford, Astbury Professor of Biophysics at the University of Leeds, said: “Amyloid diseases are associated with the build-up of fibrous plaques out of long strings of ‘misfolding’ proteins, but it is not clear what kicks the process off. That means the normal approach of designing a drug to destroy or disable the species that start the disease process does not work.

“We have to take a completely different tack: instead of targeting the cause of the disease, we need to disrupt the plaque building process.”

The University of Leeds-led team’s study, published in the journal Molecular Cell, looked to mice for a way forward.

“We already knew that mice were not prone to the build up of some of these plaques. This study, for the first time, observed the building happening and saw the differences between the mice proteins and their almost identical human equivalents,” Professor Radford said.

She added: “We mixed the mice and human proteins and found that the mice protein actually stopped the formation of the plaque-forming fibrils by the human protein.”

The research was conducted completely in the test-tube using human and mice beta-2 microglobulin proteins produced in the laboratory. Plaques made up of beta-2 microglobulin are associated with Dialysis Related Amyloidosis (DRA). Instead of being a neurodegenerative condition like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s, DRA primarily affects the joints of people on kidney dialysis.

The team observed differences in the formation of the plaque-forming fibrils in samples containing only mice protein, samples with only the human protein and samples containing mixtures of the two.

The lead researcher, Dr Theodoros Karamanos, said: “These two versions of the proteins are almost exactly the same, with very slight differences in structure, but the outcomes are completely different. If I put a misfolding-prone protein in the human sample, I see the formation of fibrils in two days in the right conditions. If I do the same in the mouse sample, I can leave it for weeks and there are no fibrils.

Dr Karamanos added: “The exciting thing is that if you mix the proteins—with only one mouse protein for every five human proteins—you see a significant disruption of the formation of fibrils.”

The study used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy to look at a molecular level at the interactions of the different proteins and identified tiny differences in the physical and chemical properties of the surfaces that made a great difference to whether plaques are formed.

The results showed that the mouse protein binds to the human protein more tightly than the human protein binds to its misfolded form. Interestingly, subtle differences in the driving forces of binding (i.e. the balance of hydrophobic and charge-charge interactions) in the binding interface govern the outcome of assembly.

Dr Karamanos said: “We can’t just load up a syringe and inject mouse protein into patients. But if we know the properties of the interface between the two proteins that are responsible for the inhibition effect, we can ask the chemists to design small molecule drugs which mimic what the mouse protein does to the human protein. That may be a key insight into how to stop the plaque building process.”

Fighting Alzheimer’s disease with protein origami

The human protein prefoldin can reduce the neuronal toxicity of clumps of amyloid-β proteins that collect in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative brain disease most commonly characterized by memory deficits. Loss of memory function, in particular, is known to be caused by neuronal damage arising from the misfolding of protein fragments in the brain. Now, a group of researchers led by Mizuo Maeda of the RIKEN Bioengineering Laboratory, and including researchers from the Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute, has found that the human protein prefoldin can change the way these misfolded protein aggregates form and potentially reduce their toxic impact on the brains of Alzheimer’s patients.

The formation of insoluble fibril aggregates of the protein amyloid-β has been identified as a key mechanism responsible for memory loss in Alzheimer’s patients. These fibrils are toxic to neurons, and finding a means of preventing their formation represents a key strategy in the development of a therapy for the disease. Recent studies suggest methods that alter the mechanism of amyloid-β aggregates could offer a promising approach.

Prefoldin is a molecular chaperone involved in preventing the clumping of misfolded proteins and helping misfolded proteins return to their normal shape. The researchers found that amyloid-β molecules incubated with even just a small amount of human prefoldin underwent a change in aggregation behavior—they instead formed into small, soluble oligomer clumps. The observations suggest that human prefoldin interacts with amyloid-β molecules to alter their binding properties.

As in the brain, amyloid-β fibrils also kill neurons in cell culture. Using neurons from the brains of mice, the researchers showed that the amyloid-β oligomers formed in the presence of human prefoldin induced less neuron death than amyloid-β fibrils. Prefoldin expression actually increases in the brains of mice with high levels of amyloid-β, suggesting that the upregulation of prefoldin expression might be a response mechanism used by the brain to protect itself from the toxic effects of amyloid-β fibrils.

Many researchers currently believe that amyloid-β oligomers are themselves a toxin that induces neuronal dysfunction. The present results, however, suggest that certain types of oligomers may in fact be less toxic than other conformations of amyloid-β aggregates. Increasing the expression of human prefoldin in the brain may therefore increase the proportion of less toxic amyloid-β aggregates, presenting a potential means of fighting the disease.

“Our findings may also apply to various other neurological diseases caused by protein misfolding, such as prion disease, Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease,” explains Tamotsu Zako from the research team.

Transmission of Tangles in Alzheimer’s Mice Provides More Authentic Model of Tau Pathology

Brain diseases associated with the misformed protein tau, including Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathologies, are characterized by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprised of pathological tau filaments. Tau tangles are also found in progressive supranuclear palsy, cortical basal degeneration and other related tauopathies, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy due to repetitive traumatic brain injuries sustained in sports or on the battle field.

By using synthetic fibrils made from pure recombinant protein, Penn researchers provide the first direct and compelling evidence that tau fibrils alone are entirely sufficient to recruit and convert soluble tau within cells into pathological clumps in neurons, followed by transmission of tau pathology to other inter-connected brain regions from a single injection site in an animal model of tau brain disease.

The laboratory of senior author Virginia M.-Y. Lee, Ph.D., MBA, director of the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, published their findings in the Journal of Neuroscience this week.

“Our new model of tau pathology spread provides an explanation to account for the stereotypical progression of Alzheimer’s and other related tauopathies by implicating the cell-to-cell transmission of pathological tau in this process,” says Lee.