Posts tagged APOE gene
Articles and news from the latest research reports.
Memory-related brain network shrinks with aging
Brain regions associated with memory shrink as adults age, and this size decrease is more pronounced in those who go on to develop neurodegenerative disease, reports a new study published Sept. 18 in the Journal of Neuroscience. The volume reduction is linked with an overall decline in cognitive ability and with increased genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease, the authors say.
Image: Network of brain regions, highlighted in red and yellow, show atrophy in both healthy aging and neurodegenerative disease. The regions highlighted are susceptible to normal aging and dementia.
“Our results identify a specific pattern of structural brain changes that may provide a possible brain marker for the onset of Alzheimer’s disease,” said Nathan Spreng, assistant professor of human development and the Rebecca Q. and James C. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow in Cornell’s College of Human Ecology.
The study is one of the first to measure structural changes in a collection of brain regions – not just one single area – over the adult life course and from normal aging to neurodegenerative disease, said Spreng, who co-authored the study with Gary R. Turner of York University in Toronto.
Overall, they studied brain data from 848 individuals spanning the adult lifespan, using data from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). About half of the ADNI sample was assessed multiple times over several years, allowing the researchers to measure brain changes over time and determine who did and did not progress to dementia.
The researchers found that brain volume in the default network (a set of brain regions associated with internally generated thoughts such as memory) declined in both healthy and pathological aging. The researchers noted the greatest decline in Alzheimer’s patients and in those who progressed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Reduced brain volumes in these regions were associated with declines in cognitive ability, the presence of known biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease and with carrying the APOE4 variant of APOE gene, a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s.
“While elements of the default network have previously been implicated in aging and neurodegenerative disease, few studies have examined broad network changes over the full adult life course with such large participant samples and including both behavioral and genetic data,” said Spreng. “Our findings provide evidence for a network-based model of neurodegenerative disease, in which progressive brain changes spread through networks of connected brain regions.”
(Source: news.cornell.edu)
Family history of Alzheimer’s associated with abnormal brain pathology
Close family members of people with Alzheimer’s disease are more than twice as likely as those without a family history to develop silent buildup of brain plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease, according to researchers at Duke Medicine.
The study, published online in the journal PLOS ONE on April 17, 2013, confirms earlier findings on a known genetic variation that increases one’s risk for Alzheimer’s, and raises new questions about other genetic factors involved in the disease that have yet to be identified.
An estimated 25 million people worldwide have Alzheimer’s disease, and the number is expected to triple by 2050. More than 95 percent of these individuals have late-onset Alzheimer’s, which usually occurs after the age of 65. Research has shown that Alzheimer’s begins years to decades before it is diagnosed, with changes to the brain measurable through a variety of tests.
Family history is a known risk factor and predictor of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and studies suggest a two- to four-fold greater risk for Alzheimer’s in individuals with a mother, father, brother or sister who develop the disease. These first-degree relatives share roughly 50 percent of their genes with another member of their family. Common genetic variations, including changes to the APOE gene, account for around 50 percent of the heritability of Alzheimer’s, but the disease’s other genetic roots are still unexplained.
“In this study, we sought to understand whether simply having a positive family history, in otherwise normal or mildly forgetful people, was enough to trigger silent buildup of Alzheimer’s plaques and shrinkage of memory centers,” said senior author P. Murali Doraiswamy, professor of psychiatry and medicine at Duke.
Duke neuroscience research trainee Erika J. Lampert, Doraiswamy and colleagues analyzed data from 257 adults, ages 55 to 89, both cognitively healthy and with varying levels of impairment. The participants were part of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a national study working to define the progression of Alzheimer’s through biomarkers.
The researchers looked at participants’ age, gender and family history of the disease, with a positive family history defined as having a parent or sibling with Alzheimer’s. This information was compared with cognitive assessments and other biological tests, including APOE genotyping, MRI scans measuring hippocampal volume, and studies of three different pathologic markers (Aβ42, t-tau, and t-tau/Aβ42 ratio) found in cerebrospinal fluid.
As expected, the researchers found that a variation in the APOE gene associated with a greater risk and earlier onset of Alzheimer’s was overrepresented in participants with a family history of the disease. However, other biological differences were also seen in those with a family history, suggesting that unidentified genetic factors may influence the disease’s development before the onset of dementia.
Nearly half of all healthy people with a positive family history would have met the criteria for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease based on measurements of their cerebrospinal fluid, but only about 20 percent of those without a family history would have met such criteria.
“We already knew that family history increases one’s risk for developing Alzheimer’s, but we now are showing that people with a positive family history may also have higher levels of Alzheimer’s pathology earlier, which could be a reason why they experience a faster cognitive decline than those without a family history,” Lampert said.
The findings may influence the design of future studies developing new diagnostic tests for Alzheimer’s, as researchers may choose to exclude those with a positive family history – a group that has historically volunteered to participate in studies to better understand the disease – as healthy controls, given that they are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s pathology.
“Our study shows the power of a simple one-minute questionnaire about family history to predict silent brain changes,” Doraiswamy said. “In the absence of full understanding of all genetic risks for late-onset Alzheimer’s, family history information can serve as a risk stratification tool for prevention research and personalizing care.” He encouraged those with a known positive family history to seek out clinical trials specific to preventing the disease.
(Source: dukehealth.org)
Genetic markers ID second Alzheimer’s pathway
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified a new set of genetic markers for Alzheimer’s that point to a second pathway through which the disease develops.
Much of the genetic research on Alzheimer’s centers on amyloid-beta, a key component of brain plaques that build up in the brains of people with the disease.
In the new study, the scientists identified several genes linked to the tau protein, which is found in the tangles that develop in the brain as Alzheimer’s progresses and patients develop dementia. The findings may help provide targets for a different class of drugs that could be used for treatment.
The researchers report their findings online April 24 in the journal Neuron.
"We measured the tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and identified several genes that are related to high levels of tau and also affect risk for Alzheimer’s disease,” says senior investigator Alison M. Goate, DPhil, the Samuel and Mae S. Ludwig Professor of Genetics in Psychiatry. “As far as we’re aware, three of these genes have no effect on amyloid-beta, suggesting that they are operating through a completely different pathway.”
A fourth gene in the mix, APOE, had been identified long ago as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s. It has been linked to amyloid-beta, but in the new study, APOE appears to be connected to elevated levels of tau. Finding that APOE is influencing more than one pathway could help explain why the gene has such a big effect on Alzheimer’s disease risk, the researchers say.
“It appears APOE influences risk in more than one way,” says Goate, also a professor of genetics and co-director of the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. “Some of the effects are mediated through amyloid-beta and others by tau. That suggests there are at least two ways in which the gene can influence our risk for Alzheimer’s disease.”
The new research by Goate and her colleagues is the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) yet on tau in cerebrospinal fluid. The scientists analyzed points along the genomes of 1,269 individuals who had undergone spinal taps as part of ongoing Alzheimer’s research.
Whereas amyloid is known to collect in the brain and affect brain cells from the outside, the tau protein usually is stored inside cells. So tau usually moves into the spinal fluid when cells are damaged or die. Elevated tau has been linked to several forms of non-Alzheimer’s dementia, and first author Carlos Cruchaga, PhD, says that although amyloid plaques are a key feature of Alzheimer’s disease, it’s possible that excess tau has more to do with the dementia than plaques.
“We know there are some individuals with high levels of amyloid-beta who don’t develop Alzheimer’s disease,” says Cruchaga, an assistant professor of psychiatry. “We don’t know why that is, but perhaps it could be related to the fact that they don’t have elevated tau levels.”
In addition to APOE, the researchers found that a gene called GLIS3, and the genes TREM2 and TREML2 also affect both tau levels and Alzheimer’s risk.
Goate says she suspects changes in tau may be good predictors of advancing disease. As tau levels rise, she says people may be more likely to develop dementia. If drugs could be developed to target tau, they may prevent much of the neurodegeneration that characterizes Alzheimer’s disease and, in that way, help prevent or delay dementia.
The new research also suggests it may one day be possible to reduce Alzheimer’s risk by targeting both pathways.
“Since two mechanisms apparently exist, identifying potential drug targets along these pathways could be very useful,” she says. “If drugs that influence tau could be added to those that affect amyloid, we could potentially reduce risk through two different pathways.”
(Source: news.wustl.edu)
Genome-wide imaging study identifies new gene associated with Alzheimer’s plaques
A study combining genetic data with brain imaging, designed to identify genes associated with the amyloid plaque deposits found in Alzheimer’s disease patients, has not only identified the APOE gene — long associated with development of Alzheimer’s — but has uncovered an association with a second gene, called BCHE.
A national research team, led by scientists at the Indiana University School of Medicine, reported the results of the study in an article in Molecular Psychiatry posted online Tuesday. The study is believed to be the first genome-wide association study of plaque deposits using a specialized PET scan tracer that binds to amyloid.
The research also is believed to be the first to implicate variations in the BCHE gene in plaque deposits visualized in living individuals who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or are at-risk for developing the disease. The enzyme coded by the BCHE gene has previously been studied in post-mortem brain tissue and is known to be found in plaques.
“The findings could recharge research efforts studying the molecular pathways contributing to amyloid deposits in the brain as Alzheimer’s disease develops and affects learning and memory,” said Vijay K. Ramanan, the paper’s first author and an M.D./Ph.D. student at the IU School of Medicine.
The BCHE gene finding “brings together two of the major hypotheses about the development of Alzheimer’s disease,” said Andrew J. Saykin, Psy.D., Raymond C. Beeler Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences at IU and principal investigator for the genetics core of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
Scientists have long pointed to the loss of an important brain neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, which is depleted early in the development of the disease, as a key aspect of the loss of memory related neurons. The BCHE gene is responsible for an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the brain. The other major Alzheimer’s hypothesis holds that the development of the amyloid plaques is the primary cause of the disease’s debilitating symptoms. As it turns out, the enzyme for which the BCHE gene codes is also found in significant quantities in those plaques.
“This study is connecting two of the biggest Alzheimer’s dots,” said Dr. Saykin, director of the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center and the IU Center for Neuroimaging at the IU Health Neuroscience Center.
“The finding that BCHE gene variant predicts the extent of plaque deposit in PET scans among people at risk for Alzheimer’s disease is likely to reinvigorate research into drugs that could modify the disease by affecting the BCHE enzyme or its metabolic pathway,” he said. Some existing drugs inhibit this enzyme, but it is unclear whether this influences plaque deposits.
Overall, the results appear to offer scientists new potential targets for drugs to slow, reverse or even prevent the disease. Alzheimer’s disease affects an estimated 5.4 million Americans and has proven resistant to treatments that do more than temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms.
Amyloid plaque deposits build up abnormally in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients and are believed to play an important role in the memory loss and other problems that plague patients.
The study makes use of an imaging agent, florbetapir, now approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, that allows physicians to see the level of plaque buildup in a patient’s brain, something that previously could be determined only with an autopsy.
In a genome-wide association study, researchers evaluate alternate versions of many genes to determine whether particular genetic variants are associated with a particular trait — in this case, the amounts of amyloid plaque deposits that the PET scans revealed in the brains of study participants.
Using the imaging agent that enables detection of the plaques in the brain, the researchers conducted PET scans of 555 participants in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a long-term public-private research project that includes people at risk for Alzheimer’s disease and patients who have been diagnosed with the disease as well as participants with no symptoms.
With sophisticated statistical analyses, the imaging data was combined with analyses of DNA collected from the 555 participants to determine whether particular gene variants were found more often among patients with higher levels of plaque deposits.
The analysis found that a variant in BCHE was significantly associated with the levels of plaque deposits. As would be expected, the analysis also found a strong association with variants of another gene, APOE, that has long been known to be associated with the development of Alzheimer’s. The effect of BCHE was independent of APOE, however. Moreover, the effects of the two genes were additive — that is, people with the suspect variants of both genes had more plaque deposits than people who had only one of the variants associated with plaque development.