To investigate membrane fusion during synaptic transmission (top), Rothman, Pincet, and colleagues designed an artificial version of the event. They exposed lipid nanodiscs embedded with SNARE proteins to vesicles containing complementary SNARE proteins. Only one SNARE protein complex was required for fusion between the discs and vesicles (A), but three were necessary to create a stable pore to release the neurotransmitter contained within the vesicle (B).

